Rates of compliance and adherence to high-intensity interval training: a systematic review and Meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: To determine rates of compliance (i.e., supervised intervention attendance) and adherence (i.e., unsupervised physical activity completion) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) among insufficiently active adults and adults with a medical condition, and determine whether compliance and adherence rates were different between HIIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). METHODS: Articles on adults in a HIIT intervention and who were either insufficiently active or had a medical condition were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched. Article screening and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0 or ROBINS-I. Meta-analyses were conducted to discern differences in compliance and adherence between HIIT vs. MICT. Sensitivity analyses, publication bias, sub-group analyses, and quality appraisal were conducted for each meta-analysis. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-eight unique studies were included (n = 8928 participants). Compliance to HIIT interventions averaged 89.4% (SD:11.8%), while adherence to HIIT averaged 63% (SD: 21.1%). Compliance and adherence to MICT averaged 92.5% (SD:10.6%) and 68.2% (SD:16.2%), respectively. Based on 65 studies included in the meta-analysis, compliance rates were not different between supervised HIIT and MICT interventions [Hedge's g = 0.015 (95%CI: - 0.088-0.118), p = .78]. Results were robust and low risk of publication bias was detected. No differences were detected based on sub-group analyses comparing medical conditions or risk of bias of studies. Quality of the evidence was rated as moderate over concerns in the directness of the evidence. Based on 10 studies, adherence rates were not different between unsupervised HIIT and MICT interventions [Hedge's g = - 0.313 (95%CI: - 0.681-0.056), p = .096]. Sub-group analysis points to differences in adherence rates dependent on the method of outcome measurement. Adherence results should be interpreted with caution due to very low quality of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance to HIIT and MICT was high among insufficiently active adults and adults with a medical condition. Adherence to HIIT and MICT was relatively moderate, although there was high heterogeneity and very low quality of evidence. Further research should take into consideration exercise protocols employed, methods of outcome measurement, and measurement timepoints. REGISTRATION: This review was registered in the PROSPERO database and given the identifier CRD42019103313.

Clustering of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet associated with social isolation among brazilian adolescents.

BACKGOUND: Although obesogenic behaviors have been found to be related to social isolation, evidence-based person-centered approaches are lacking. This study investigated the association between clusters of obesogenic behavior - derived from a data-driven process - and social isolation among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) 2015 were analyzed. A total of 100,794 9th-grade students (51.3% females; 14.3 ± 0.1 years old) enrolled in 3,040 public and private high schools participated in the study. Social isolation was assessed by two outcomes (i.e., perceived loneliness and lack of close friends). A two-step cluster analysis was conducted to identify patterns of obesogenic behaviors with the input of leisure-time physical activity (PA), sitting time as a proxy of sedentary behavior (SB), and the weekly consumption of healthy and unhealthy food. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the associations between the clusters of obesogenic behaviors and social isolation variables in adolescents. RESULTS: Three clusters were identified. Adolescents in the "Health-promoting SB and diet" (32.6%; OR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.62-0.76) and "Health-promoting PA and diet" (44.9%; OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.67-0.79) clusters had lower odds of loneliness compared to those in the "Health-risk" cluster (22.5%). Those belonging to the "Health-promoting PA and diet" cluster were more likely to report having close friends (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.00-1.41) than those in the "Health-risk" cluster. CONCLUSION: Adolescents in clusters where positive behaviors outweighed negative ones were less likely to perceive themselves as lonely and without close connections.

Effect of a Scalable School-Based Intervention on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Cardiorespiratory fitness is an important marker of childhood health and low fitness levels are a risk factor for disease later in life. Levels of children's fitness have declined in recent decades. Whether school-based physical activity interventions can increase fitness at the population level remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the effect of an internet-based intervention on children's cardiorespiratory fitness across a large number of schools. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cluster randomized clinical trial, 22 government-funded elementary schools (from 137 providing consent) including 1188 students stratified from grades 3 and 4 in New South Wales, Australia, were randomized. The other schools received the intervention but were not included in the analysis. Eleven schools received the internet-based intervention and 11 received the control intervention. Recruitment and baseline testing began in 2016 and ended in 2017. Research assistants, blinded to treatment allocation, completed follow-up outcome assessments at 12 and 24 months. Data were analyzed from July to August 2020. Interventions: The internet-based intervention included standardized online learning for teachers and minimal in-person support from a project mentor (9-10 months). Main Outcomes and Measures: Multistage 20-m shuttle run test for cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: Of 1219 participants (49% girls; mean [SD] age, 8.85 [0.71] years) from 22 schools, 1188 students provided baseline primary outcome data. At 12 months, the number of 20-m shuttle runs increased by 3.32 laps (95% CI, 2.44-4.20 laps) in the intervention schools and 2.11 laps (95% CI, 1.38-2.85 laps) in the control schools (adjusted difference = 1.20 laps; 95% CI, 0.17-2.24 laps). By 24 months, the adjusted difference was 2.22 laps (95% CI, 0.89-3.55 laps). The cost per student was AUD33 (USD26). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, a school-based intervention improved children's cardiorespiratory fitness when delivered in a large number of schools. The low cost and sustained effect over 24 months of the intervention suggests that it may have potential to be scaled at the population level. Trial Registration: http://anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12616000731493.

School-based interventions modestly increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness but are least effective for youth who need them most: an individual participant pooled analysis of 20 controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if subpopulations of students benefit equally from school-based physical activity interventions in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. To examine if physical activity intensity mediates improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of individual participant data from controlled trials that assessed the impact of school-based physical activity interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness and device-measured physical activity. PARTICIPANTS: Data for 6621 children and adolescents aged 4-18 years from 20 trials were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak oxygen consumption (VO2Peak mL/kg/min) and minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: Interventions modestly improved students' cardiorespiratory fitness by 0.47 mL/kg/min (95% CI 0.33 to 0.61), but the effects were not distributed equally across subpopulations. Girls and older students benefited less than boys and younger students, respectively. Students with lower levels of initial fitness, and those with higher levels of baseline physical activity benefitted more than those who were initially fitter and less active, respectively. Interventions had a modest positive effect on physical activity with approximately one additional minute per day of both moderate and vigorous physical activity. Changes in vigorous, but not moderate intensity, physical activity explained a small amount (~5%) of the intervention effect on cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Future interventions should include targeted strategies to address the needs of girls and older students. Interventions may also be improved by promoting more vigorous intensity physical activity. Interventions could mitigate declining youth cardiorespiratory fitness, increase physical activity and promote cardiovascular health if they can be delivered equitably and their effects sustained at the population level.

Rates of compliance and adherence to high-intensity interval training in insufficiently active adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

BACKGROUND: Both high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training demonstrate beneficial physiological outcomes for active and insufficiently active populations. However, it remains unclear whether compliance to exercise in supervised settings translates to long-term adherence to physical activity in real-world, unstructured environments. To our knowledge, no comprehensive review is available on compliance and/or adherence rates to either modes of exercise for insufficiently active individuals. Furthermore, it is unclear which training modality insufficiently active individuals comply and/or adhere more readily to. Based on these gaps, the following two questions will be addressed: (1) What are compliance and adherence rates to high-intensity interval training for insufficiently active adults aged 18-65 years and (2) How do compliance and adherence rates differ between high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training? METHODS: Both observational and experimental studies that report on compliance and/or adherence rates to high-intensity interval training will be included. Relevant studies will be retrieved from Medline, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science using a pre-specified search strategy. Pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria will be used by two independent researchers to determine eligible studies. Of those meeting the inclusion criteria, data extraction and narrative synthesis will be completed, and where applicable, random-effects meta-analyses will be computed to compare compliance and adherence rates between high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training. Meta-regressions and sensitivity analyses will be used to further explore factors that could influence aggregate effect sizes. Risk of bias will be assessed using established tools by the Cochrane association, and quality assessment of the cumulative evidence will be assessed using the GRADE approach. DISCUSSION: Results from this study may have the potential to inform future physical activity recommendations and guidelines on the ideal mode of exercise for the general population. This review will add to the body of literature on the feasibility of high-intensity interval training for an insufficiently active population, conclusively addressing the ongoing debate of whether it is an appropriate exercise choice for this demographic. With this new information, individuals working towards a healthier lifestyle through physical activity engagement may be better equipped to make an evidence-based decision. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This review has been registered in the PROSPERO database and assigned the identifier CRD42019103313.

Effects of Physical Activity on the Physical and Psychosocial Health of Youth With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The physical and psychosocial benefits of physical activity for typically developing youth are well established; however, its impact on youth with intellectual disabilities is not as well understood. The aims of this review and meta-analysis were to synthesize the literature and quantify the effects of physical activity on the physical and psychosocial health of youth with intellectual disabilities. METHOD: Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were grouped by their focus on physical health and/or psychosocial health outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed using 3-level, random effects and mixed effects models. RESULTS: One hundred nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Physical activity had a large effect on physical health (g = 0.773, P < .001) and a moderately large effect (g = 0.682, P < .001) on psychosocial health. Participant age, intellectual disability level, other developmental disabilities, outcome type, and intervention type moderated the effects of physical activity on physical health, whereas study design, risk of bias, other developmental disabilities, outcome type, and intervention type were moderators on psychosocial health. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity has positive effects on the physical and psychosocial health of youth with intellectual disabilities. Although resistance training shows the most physical benefits, teaching movement and sports skills appear to benefit their physical and psychosocial health.

A monitoring system to provide feedback on student physical activity during physical education lessons.

School-based physical education (PE) provides opportunities to accumulate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but many students are insufficiently active during PE lessons. Providing teachers with feedback regarding their students' physical activity may increase the effectiveness of PE for achieving MVPA goals, but existing physical activity monitoring technologies have limitations in class environments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a system capable of providing feedback on PE lesson MVPA. Equations for translating step counts to %MVPA were derived from measures in 492 students who concurrently wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ (ActiGraph) and Yamax pedometer (Yamax) during a PE lesson. To enhance feedback availability during PE lessons, we then developed a bespoke monitoring system using wireless tri-axial pedometers (HMM) and a smart device app. After developing and testing the monitoring system, we assessed its validity and reliability in 100 students during a PE lesson. There was a strong correlation of 0.896 between step counts and accelerometer-determined %MVPA and quantile regression equations showed good validity for translating step counts to %MVPA with a mean absolute difference of 5.3 (95% CI, 4.4-6.2). The physical activity monitoring system was effective at providing %MVPA during PE lessons with a mean difference of 1.6 ± 7.1 compared with accelerometer-determined %MVPA (7% difference between the two measurement methods). Teachers and students can use a smart device app and wireless pedometers to conveniently obtain feedback during PE lessons. Future studies should determine whether such technologies help teachers to increase physical activity during PE lessons.

Evaluation of the Effect of Air Polishing With Different Abrasive Powders on the Roughness of Implant Abutment Surface: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of air polishing on the implant abutment surface using different abrasive powders: sodium bicarbonate and amino acid glycine. Fifteen grade III machined surface titanium disks with 8-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness were divided in 3 groups of 5 samples each and subjected to air polishing for 20 seconds with an Ultrajet Flex air-abrasive device and a distinct prophylaxis protocol: air and water (G1); air, water, and sodium bicarbonate (G2); and air, water; and amino acid glycine (G3). After the air polishing, the average roughness (Ra) of the samples was measured using an optical profilometer, and the obtained data were statistically analyzed. We found that G1 and G3 had similar Ra, while Ra values for G2 were significantly higher. This study demonstrated that air-polishing powders containing glycine had less of an effect on the roughness of the surface of titanium disks compared with sodium bicarbonate powders. Future in vivo studies will be conducted to investigate the clinical relevance of the present results.

Self-reported smoking status and urinary cotinine levels in patients with asthma / Tabagismo entre asmáticos: avaliação por autorrelato e dosagem de cotinina urinária

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the frequency of active smoking among patients with asthma and individuals without asthma by self-report and urinary cotinine measurement. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Salvador, Brazil, and involving 1,341 individuals: 498 patients with severe asthma, 417 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 426 individuals without asthma. Smoking status was determined by self-report (with the use of standardized questionnaires) and urinary cotinine measurement. The study variables were compared with the chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Of the sample as a whole, 55 (4.1%) reported being current smokers. Of those, 5 had severe asthma, 17 had mild-to-moderate asthma, and 33 had no asthma diagnosis. Of the 55 smokers, 32 (58.2%) were daily smokers and 23 (41.8%) were occasional smokers. Urinary cotinine levels were found to be high in self-reported nonsmokers and former smokers, especially among severe asthma patients, a finding that suggests patient nondisclosure of smoking status. Among smokers, a longer smoking history was found in patients with severe asthma when compared with those with mild-to-moderate asthma. In addition, the proportion of former smokers was higher among patients with severe asthma than among those with mild-to-moderate asthma. Conclusions: Former smoking is associated with severe asthma. Current smoking is observed in patients with severe asthma, and patient nondisclosure of smoking status occurs in some cases. Patients with severe asthma should be thoroughly screened for smoking, and findings should be complemented by objective testing.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a frequência de tabagismo ativo entre pacientes com asma e indivíduos sem asma, usando questionários padronizados e dosagem da cotinina urinária. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em Salvador (BA), com 1.341 indivíduos, sendo 498 com asma grave, 417 com asma leve/moderada e 426 sem asma. O tabagismo foi identificado por meio de autorrelato utilizando questionários e por mensuração da cotinina urinária. Para a comparação das variáveis estudadas, utilizaram-se os testes do qui-quadrado e de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Dos 55 participantes (4,1%) que se declararam tabagistas atuais, 5, 17 e 33 eram dos grupos asma grave, asma leve/moderada e sem asma, respectivamente. Desses 55, 32 (58,2%) eram tabagistas diários e 23 (41,8%) eram tabagistas ocasionais. Observaram-se níveis elevados de cotinina urinária entre não fumantes autodeclarados e tabagistas pregressos, especialmente no grupo asma grave, o que sugere omissão do hábito atual de fumar. A carga tabágica entre os fumantes e a proporção de ex-tabagistas foram maiores no grupo asma grave do que no grupo asma leve/moderada. Conclusões: O tabagismo pregresso esteve associado à asma grave. Tabagismo atual também foi observado em alguns pacientes com asma grave e detectou-se omissão em alguns casos. A investigação de tabagismo deve ser meticulosa em pacientes com asma grave e a entrevista desses deve ser complementada por uma avaliação objetiva.

Self-reported smoking status and urinary cotinine levels in patients with asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of active smoking among patients with asthma and individuals without asthma by self-report and urinary cotinine measurement. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Salvador, Brazil, and involving 1,341 individuals: 498 patients with severe asthma, 417 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 426 individuals without asthma. Smoking status was determined by self-report (with the use of standardized questionnaires) and urinary cotinine measurement. The study variables were compared with the chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Of the sample as a whole, 55 (4.1%) reported being current smokers. Of those, 5 had severe asthma, 17 had mild-to-moderate asthma, and 33 had no asthma diagnosis. Of the 55 smokers, 32 (58.2%) were daily smokers and 23 (41.8%) were occasional smokers. Urinary cotinine levels were found to be high in self-reported nonsmokers and former smokers, especially among severe asthma patients, a finding that suggests patient nondisclosure of smoking status. Among smokers, a longer smoking history was found in patients with severe asthma when compared with those with mild-to-moderate asthma. In addition, the proportion of former smokers was higher among patients with severe asthma than among those with mild-to-moderate asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Former smoking is associated with severe asthma. Current smoking is observed in patients with severe asthma, and patient nondisclosure of smoking status occurs in some cases. Patients with severe asthma should be thoroughly screened for smoking, and findings should be complemented by objective testing.

Scaling-up an efficacious school-based physical activity intervention: Study protocol for the 'Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth' (iPLAY) cluster randomized controlled trial and scale-up implementation evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Despite the health benefits of regular physical activity, most children are insufficiently active. Schools are ideally placed to promote physical activity; however, many do not provide children with sufficient in-school activity or ensure they have the skills and motivation to be active beyond the school setting. The aim of this project is to modify, scale up and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention previously shown to be efficacious in improving children's physical activity, fundamental movement skills and cardiorespiratory fitness. The 'Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth' (iPLAY) study will focus largely on online delivery to enhance translational capacity. METHODS/DESIGN: The intervention will be implemented at school and teacher levels, and will include six components: (i) quality physical education and school sport, (ii) classroom movement breaks, (iii) physically active homework, (iv) active playgrounds, (v) community physical activity links and (vi) parent/caregiver engagement. Experienced physical education teachers will deliver professional learning workshops and follow-up, individualized mentoring to primary teachers (i.e., Kindergarten - Year 6). These activities will be supported by online learning and resources. Teachers will then deliver the iPLAY intervention components in their schools. We will evaluate iPLAY in two complementary studies in primary schools across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), involving a representative sample of 20 schools within NSW (1:1 allocation at the school level to intervention and attention control conditions), will assess effectiveness and cost-effectiveness at 12 and 24 months. Students' cardiorespiratory fitness will be the primary outcome in this trial. Key secondary outcomes will include students' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (via accelerometers), fundamental movement skill proficiency, enjoyment of physical education and sport, cognitive control, performance on standardized tests of numeracy and literacy, and cost-effectiveness. A scale-up implementation study guided by the RE-AIM framework will evaluate the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the intervention when delivered in 160 primary schools in urban and regional areas of NSW. DISCUSSION: This project will provide the evidence and a framework for government to guide physical activity promotion throughout NSW primary schools and a potential model for adoption in other states and countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12616000731493 ). Date of registration: June 3, 2016.

Guia cirúrgico auxiliando o posicionamento de coroas de transição em implantes imediatos / Surgical guide assisting temporarycrown positioning in immediate implants

A técnica aqui apresentada utiliza um guia cirúrgico que auxilia no posicionamento tridimensional de um implante imediato e, logo em seguida, facilita a confecção da coroa de transição. As referências preexistentes do elemento dentário são preservadas no guia cirúrgico, garantindo um resultado estético mais previsível...

The technique presented herein uses a surgical guide to assist tridimensional positioning of an immediate implant and subsequently provides ease for temporary crown manufacture. The preexisting tooth references remain unchanged in the surgical guide, which ensures more predictable esthetic outcomes....

Avaliação da experiência e do grau de satisfação de pacientes tratados com próteses totais fixas sobre implantes / Assessing the degree of experience and satisfaction of patients treated with implant-supported complete dentures

Introdução: com os implantes dentários consegue-se resolver a falta de estabilidade de próteses totais convencionais, mas pouco se conhece quanto à satisfação dos pacientes tratados com próteses totais implantos suportadas. Objetivo: identificar a experiência e o grau de satisfação de pacientes tratados com próteses totais fixas sobre implantes. Métodos: sessenta e seis pacientes foram entrevistados por um único pesquisador. Questionou-se os pacientes sobre a experiência de algo desagradável durante o tratamento e a recomendação do tratamento para outras pessoas. Também foi utilizada uma Escala Visual Analógica, para medir o grau de satisfação dos pacientes em relação à estabilidade, estética, conforto, fonética, mastigação e facilidade de higienizar suas próteses. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio da correlação de Spearman (P < 0,05) e submetidos a uma regressão múltipla. Resultados: dos pacientes entrevistados, 22,7% relataram ter experimentado algo desconfortável ou desagradável durante o tratamento e todos afirmaram que recomendariam o tratamento. O grau de satisfação dos pacientes foi alto, alcançando uma média de 97,7%. Os itens que obtiveram significância estatística foram a estabilidade, a fonética e o conforto, juntamente com a recomendação do tratamento. Conclusão: identificou-se que o grau de satisfação dos pacientes tratados com próteses totais fixas sobre implantes é alto, devido, principalmente, à estabilidade, seguida da fonética e do conforto dessas próteses.

Introduction: Dental implants can solve the issue of lack of stability of conventional dentures, but little is known about patients’ satisfaction regarding implant-supported completedenture. Objective: Identify the experience and the degree of satisfaction of patients treated with implant-supported complete denture. Material and Methods: Sixty-six patients were interviewed by one single investigator. Patients were questioned about potential unpleasant experiences during treatment and whether treatment should be recommended to others. A Visual Analogue Scale was also used to assess the degree of patients’ satisfaction in terms of stability, esthetics, comfort, speech, and ease of sanitization. Data were analyzed by Spearman correlation (P < 0.05) and submitted to multiple regression. Results: Of the patients interviewed, 22.7% reported experiencingsomething unpleasant or uncomfortable during treatment, and all of them stated that they would recommend it. The degree of patients’ satisfaction was high, reaching an average of 97.7%. Thefollowing items were statistically relevant: stability, speech and comfort, as well as treatment recommendation.Conclusion: The degree of patients’ satisfaction proves high, mainly due to stability, followed by speech and comfort provided by implant-supported complete denture.

Características ocupacionais e sociodemográficas relacionadas ao estresse percebido de policiais militares / Características ocupacionales y sociodemográficas relacionada con la percepción del estrés en policías militares / Occupational and sociodemographic characteristics in relation to the perception of stress in military policemen

Introdução: no Brasil, o trabalho policial é considerado um dos mais estressantes, não apenas pela natureza das atividades realizadas, que envolvem alto risco, mas também pela sobrecarga de trabalho e pelas relações internas à corporação, cuja organização se fundamenta em hierarquia rígida e disciplina militar. Existem fatores relacionados ao estado biológico de saúde que são decorrentes do estado psicológico, das pressões ambientais e dos recursos econômicos que predispõe o policial ao estresse. Objetivo: comparar a percepção de estresse em policiais militares considerando as características ocupacionais e sociodemográficas destes. Método: participaram do estudo 86 policiais militares homens com idade média de 35 (±8,3) anos lotados em um Batalhão de Florianópolis/SC, Brasil. Foram utilizados os questionários: "Questionário para caracterização", "Questionário de Classificação Socioeconômica ABEP/2008", "Questionário dos Estágios para Mudança de Comportamento para o Exercício Físico" e a "Escala de Estresse Percebido (EEP)". Utilizou-se de análise descritiva e inferencial, adotando-se α de 0,05 (p<0,05). Resultados: maiores médias de estresse percebido foram verificadas em policiais insuficientemente ativos, nos que possuíam até 35 anos de idade, nos que já passaram por algum evento traumático na carreira e nos que atuam na área operacional. Conclusão: os policiais com até 35 anos de idade, que sofreram algum evento traumático na carreira, insuficientemente ativos, atuantes na área operacional e com qualidade de sono ruim apresentaram maiores níveis de estresse percebido. O estresse está relacionado à saúde psicológica e física dos indivíduos e sendo assim, intervenções visando o controle e/ou prevenção do estresse em policiais militares devem ser implementadas pelos batalhões.

Introducción: en Brasil, el trabajo de los policías se considera uno de los que genera más estrés, no solo por la naturaleza de las actividades que involucran un alto riesgo, sino también por la sobrecarga de trabajo y por las relaciones internas a la corporación, cuya organización se fundamenta en la jerarquía rigurosa y en la disciplina militar. Existen factores relacionados al estado biológico de salud que provienen del estado psicológico, de las presiones ambientales y de los recursos económicos; dichos factores predisponen a los policías al estrés. Objetivo: comparar la percepción del estrés en policías militares a partir de las características ocupacionales y sociodemográficas. Métodos: se estudió una muestra de 86 policías militares, hombres, con edad media de 35 años (± 8,3) de un Batallón de la ciudad de Florianóplis, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se utilizaron la Encuesta de Caracterización, Encuesta de Caracterización socioeconómica ABEP/2008, Encuesta de las Etapas de Cambio de Comportamiento para el Ejercicio Físico y la Escala del Estrés Percibido (EEP). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial y se adoptó α de 0,05 (p< 0,05). Resultados: los mayores niveles de estrés percibido se identificaron en policías insuficientemente activos, en aquellos que tenían hasta 35 años, en los que pasaron por algún evento traumático en la carrera, los que actúan en el área operacional y con una mala calidad de sueño. Conclusiones: el estrés se relaciona con la salud psicológica y física de los individuos; en este sentido, se hace necesario la implementación, por parte de los batallones, de intervenciones que busquen el control y/o la prevención del estrés de los policías, principalmente en los que se identificaron como más afectados.

Introduction: in Brazil, the police work is considered one of the most stressful lines of work, not only due to the nature of activities involving high risk, but also to the work overload and the internal relations of the corporation, whose organization is based on a rigid hierarchy and military discipline. There are factors related to the biological state of health that derive from the psychological state, the environmental pressures and the economical resources; such factors predispose police to stress. Objective: to compare the stress perception in military policemen according to the occupational and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: eighty six male military policemen aged 35 (± 8.3) years as average, who worked in a battalion in Florianópolis/SC, Brazil, participated in the study. The "Questionário de caracterização", the "Questionário de Classificação Socioeconômica ABEP/2008", the "Questionário dos Estágios para Mudança de Comportamento para o Exercício Físico" and the "Escala de Estresse Percebido (EEP)" were used. Descriptive and inferential analysis was made with α of 0.05 (p< 0.05). Results: the highest levels of perceived stress were found for sedentary policemen, for the ones aged up to 35 years, the ones that had already experienced a traumatic event in their careers, those who work in operational area of police service and in those with poor sleeping quality. Conclusions: stress is related to psychological and physical health of the individuals and therefore, interventions targeting the control and/or prevention of stress in military policemen, mainly those classified as the most affected ones, must be implemented by the battalions.

A microstrain comparison of passively fitting screw-retained and cemented titanium frameworks.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: An imprecise fit between frameworks and supporting dental implants in loaded protocols increases the strain transferred to the periimplant bone, which may impair healing or generate microgaps. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the microstrain between premachined 1-piece screw-retained frameworks (group STF) and screw-retained frameworks fabricated by cementing titanium cylinders to the prefabricated framework (group CTF). This procedure was developed to correct the misfit between frameworks and loaded implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four internal hexagon cylindrical implants were placed 10 mm apart in a polyurethane block by using the surgical guides of the corresponding implant system. Previously fabricated titanium frameworks (n=10) were divided into 2 groups. In group STF, prefabricated machined frameworks were used (n=5), and, in group CTF, the frameworks were fabricated by using a passive fit procedure, which was developed to correct the misfit between the cast titanium frameworks and supporting dental implants (n=5). Both groups were screw-retained under torque control (10 Ncm). Six strain gauges were placed on the upper surface of the polyurethane block, and 3 strain measurements were recorded for each framework. Data were analyzed with the Student t test (α=.05). RESULTS: The mean microstrain values between the framework and the implants were significantly higher for group STF (2517 mε) than for group CTF (844 mε) (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Complete-arch implant frameworks designed for load application and fabricated by using the passive fit procedure decreased the strain between the frameworks and implants more than 1 piece prefabricated machined frameworks.

Treinamento mental no tênis: revisão sistemática da literatura / Mental training in tennis: a systematic review of literature / Tenis en formación mental: una revisión sistemática de publicaciones

Treinamento mental é uma forma de simulação. O artigo tem objetivo de analisar, na literatura, os efeitos do treinamento mental na performance de tenistas. Utilizou-se as bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e SciELO. Para a obtenção dos estudos foram usados os descritores de assunto: tênis; atenção e imaginação. Foram incluídos estudos empíricos e revisões da literatura em língua portuguesa e inglesa. A partir da pesquisa efetuada encontrou-se um total de 2408 artigos. Ao final da seleção 9 estudos atendiam os critérios aplicados. Os estudos revisados apontam que o treinamento mental tem um efeito importante no desempenho dos tenistas.

Mental training is a form of simulation. This article aimed to review the literature about the effects of mental training in the performance of tennis players. We used databases LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO. To obtain the studies it was used the subject descriptors: tennis; attention and imagination. We included empirical studies and literature reviews in English and Portuguese. From the survey conducted it was found a total of 2408 articles. At the end 9 studies met the selection criteria applied. The reviewed studies indicate that mental training has an important effect on the performance of tennis players.

El entrenamiento mental es una forma de simulación. El artículo tuvo como objetivo revisar en la literatura los efectos del entrenamiento mental en el rendimiento de los jugadores de tenis. Se utilizó la base de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y SciELO. Para obtener los estudios utilizó los descriptores de asunto: tenis, atención y imaginación. Se incluyeron los estudios empíricos y revisiones de la literatura en Inglés y Portugués. De la encuesta realizada encontró un total de 2408 artículos. Al final 9 estudios cumplieron los criterios de selección. Los estudios revisados indican que el entrenamiento mental tiene un efecto importante sobre el rendimiento.

Perfil da formação inicial e permanente de treinadores de tênis de alto rendimento do Brasil / Profile of basic and permanent coaching of high performance tenis coaches in Brazil / Perfil de formación inicial y permanente del entrenador de tênis de Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil da formação inicial e permanente de treinadores de tênis de alto rendimento no Brasil. Participaram da amostra 24 treinadores do sexo masculino, com idades de 38,58 ± 8,95 anos. Foi observado que a faixa etária dos treinadores de tênis é a adequada, apresentando muitos anos de prática de tênis e bom nível de jogo. A expertise adquirida pela prática parece dar suporte de intervenção para a grande maioria dos treinadores. Os treinadores de tênis fundamentam-se em aprendizagens informais e não formais; participam de atividades de formação permanente, mas identificam limitações para participação, além de perceberem outras falhas organizacionais.

The aim of this study was to describe the initial and permanent coaching of highperformance tennis coaches in Brazil. Had a sample of 24 male coaches, aged38.58 ± 8.95 years. It was observed that the age of tennis coaches is adequate, with many years of practice and good level of tennis play. The expertise gained by the practice seems to support intervention for the vast majority of coaches. The tennis coaches are based on informal learning and non-formal; they participate in continuing education activities, but identify constraints to participation and notice other organizational failures.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la formación inicial y continua de los entrenadores de tenis de alto rendimiento en Brasil. Una muestra de 24 entrenadores de los varones, con edades 38,58 ± 8,95 años. Se observó que los entrenadores de tenis grupo de edad es adecuada, con muchos años de práctica y el buen nivel de juego de tenis. La experiencia adquirida por la práctica parece apoyar la intervenci-ón para la gran mayoría de los entrenadores. Los entrenadores de tenis se basa en el aprendizaje informal y no formal, participar en actividades de formación permanente, pero identifican las limitaciones a la participación, otro aviso de fallos de organización.

Influence of different maintenance times of torque application on the removal torque values to loosen the prosthetic abutment screws of external hexagon implants.

PURPOSE: To analyze the torque application on prosthetic abutment screws using different maintenance times, to determine an influence on the removal torque values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 external hexagon implants, 40 titanium screws, and 40 customized abutments were used. In group 1, the screws received a torque of 30 N·cm by instant torque application; in groups 2, 3, and 4, torque of 30 N·cm was applied and maintained for 10, 20, and 30 seconds, respectively. Removal torque was performed 10 minutes after torque application. Data were statistically analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation (±SD) of removal torque values found were 11.61 ± 1.43 N·cm for group 1; 18.64 ± 1.71 N·cm for group 2; 21.62 ± 0.97 N·cm for group 3; and 21.48 ± 1.55 N·cm for group 4. Groups 3 and 4 exhibited statistically higher values than group 2, which demonstrated significantly higher values than group 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A torque of 30 N·cm applied for 20 seconds seemed to be the best option when considering the removal torque values of external hexagon implants.